Periodontal Indices and Cytokines of Ex-Smokers/Non-Smokers After Bleaching.

Researchers compared inflammatory markers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid between non-smokers and ex-smokers before and after in-office dental bleaching using two activation methods, finding temporary increases in inflammatory cytokines following bleaching but consistently lower cytokine levels in ex-smokers.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.