Fluoride & Remin Study ✓ Peer reviewed

Impact of sample mass on the reliability of toenail fluoride for exposure assessment.

Toxicology and environmental health sciences · Tamayo-Cabeza G, Zenni M, Castiblanco-Rubio GA, Lippert F, Flora DB, Peacock JL, Till C, Goodman CV, Lanphear BP, Korrick SA, Karagas MR, Martinez-Mier EA · 2026-01-01

Researchers determined that toenail samples of at least 2.2–2.5 mg are needed for reliable fluoride measurement, and found one extraction protocol produced more consistent results than another when analysing fluoride content as a marker of exposure.

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