Personalized Pain Management in Orthodontic Treatment: A Narrative Review of Biological, Psychological, and Clinical Determinants.

Orthodontic pain involves complex interactions between inflammation, individual sensitivity, psychology, and treatment factors. The review proposes a framework stratifying patients into risk profiles to guide personalised pain management approaches, though validation through future research is needed.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.