Human Lingual Biofilm Signatures in Gastrointestinal Disease: A Scoping Review.

A review of 25 studies found that tongue biofilm microbial patterns show consistent associations with gastrointestinal disease stages, with shared metabolic signatures across studies. However, current evidence relies on cross-sectional designs without adequate validation, limiting clinical use as diagnostic biomarkers.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.