Special Needs & Medical Study ✓ Peer reviewed

Oral and orofacial manifestations in immune-mediated systemic diseases: From clinical clues to targeted management.

Autoimmunity reviews · Cugno M, Woo SB, Sardella A, Stone JH, Gualtierotti R · 2026-10-24

Immune-mediated systemic diseases often manifest in the mouth and face, sometimes before systemic diagnosis becomes evident. This review provides a framework for recognising oral patterns of major autoimmune conditions and determining when urgent referral or investigation is needed.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.

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