Paediatric & MIH Observational ✓ Peer reviewed

Prospective associations between household secondhand smoke exposure across critical developmental windows and early childhood caries: a birth cohort study.

Journal of dentistry · Du C, Duan Z, Ma X, Liu S, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Shi H · 2026-09-02

Researchers tracked secondhand smoke exposure in households from pregnancy through age 2 and found children exposed had higher rates of early childhood caries by ages 3–5, with stronger associations in girls than boys.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.

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