The Leeuwenhoek paradox in dental artificial intelligence: A narrative review of artificial intelligence-detected subclinical periapical changes and human-labeled false positives.

AI systems detect subtle periapical bone changes on radiographs that human observers cannot see, which are currently labelled as false positives because they fall below human visual thresholds. The review discusses how longitudinal studies and new diagnostic standards may help validate these subclinical AI-detected changes and guide safe clinical implementation.

A plain-English summary of the study's own findings — we don't add our own claims or interpretation. Read the full paper for the complete methods and results, and apply your own clinical judgement.